Experimental Optimization of Hybrid Nanoparticle-Enhanced Biodiesel–Diesel Blends for Engine Performance and Fuel Stability

Document Type : Full Length Research Article

Authors

Energy Department, Materials and Energy Research Center(MERC), Karaj, Iran

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the properties and performance of nano-biodiesel-diesel blends. Four types of nanoparticles (Al₂O₃, SiO₂, CuO, and Co₃O₄) were studied to determine the most stable hybrid nanofuel compositions. The biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil using a transesterification method with methanol at a 9:1 molar ratio and potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Five fuel blends were prepared and tested: pure diesel (D100), pure biodiesel (B100), B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), and two hybrid nanofuel blends (B20AS40 and B20ASCC40) containing different combinations of nanoparticles. Comprehensive physicochemical property analyses and engine performance tests were conducted. The results demonstrate significant improvements in fuel properties and engine performance. The calorific value increased by 7% for B20AS40 and 9% for B20ASCC40, compared to pure diesel. Brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 15% and 14%, respectively, for these nanofuel blends, while brake thermal efficiency improved to 31.1% and 32.0%, compared to 30.0% for pure diesel. These findings confirm that hybrid nanoparticles can effectively enhance fuel properties and engine performance when properly combined with biodiesel-diesel blends. The research provides valuable insights into developing more efficient and environmentally friendly fuel alternatives for diesel engines. Emission parameters such as NOx, CO, and HC were not within the scope of this experimental setup and were therefore not measured.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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History

  • Receive Date: 24 May 2025
  • Revise Date: 05 July 2025
  • Accept Date: 24 July 2025

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